© - Steven A. Cerra, copyright protected; all
rights reserved.
Liperoti said that For a Fistful of Dollars illustrated
the perfect osmosis between images and music, the grandest success of
Morricone's collaboration with Leone.
Morricone said, "It's a
sort of poetry that comes without warning, as when two people fall in love with
each other. The magic is totally unforeseeable . . . and empiric. As a result,
Sergio always wanted me to compose the music before shooting, so that it could
be played to the actors for them to be filled with it and understand it. That's
how we did our best work, he and I."
- Geraldine Liperoti L’Epress interview with Ennio Morricone
"Popularity doesn't
bother me. It attests to the affection and comprehension of the public. The
important thing is to retain the pioneer spirit. I profoundly love the
profession, and I work on each film as if it were the first — and the last.
Giving the best of myself. Many of the 'greats' ask their arranger to write
their scores for them. Me, I write all alone, from the first note to the last.
All."
- Ennio Morricone, in an interview granted
to Geraldine Pieroti, L’Express
“This too should be said: all
his scores, no matter what the subject of the film, have an implicit
mournfulness. It is as if their composer never for a moment escapes a sense, no
matter how deep in his spirit it resides, of the eternal human condition.”
- Gene Lees , JazzLetter
With the help of
the graphics wizards at CerraJazz LTD and the production facilities of
StudioCerra, the editorial staff at JazzProfiles developed the video
tribute to Italian film composer Ennio Morricone which you will find at the
conclusion of this piece.
The music is by
pianist Enrico Pieranunzi who, along with bassist Marc Johnson and drummer Joey
Baron, has recorded two compact discs of Morricone’s music for the movies for
the CamJazz label [see sidebar].
Subsequently,
while digging through a pile of JazzLetters from 1998, we found an
informative and beautifully written essay about Ennio authored by the late, Gene Lees .
We thought it
would be nice to combine the video with Gene’s essay and offer the two for your
review.
© - Gene Less/JazzLetter, copyright protected; all
rights reserved.
In the mid-1950s,
when I was music and drama editor of the Louisville Times, I had to review just
about every film that came out. I was also reviewing— and studying — the
symphonic works commissioned by the Louisville Orchestra, a rather famous
program operated with a substantial grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
These works were then recorded and released in boxed sets for sale.
When, a few years
later in New
York ,
my neighbor Miles Davis found out that I had those records, he asked to borrow
them. He never returned them, but no matter. There was little that I found
memorable in these works.
But there was much
that was memorable in the movie scores I was hearing, and I began to pay them
fairly close attention. Much of that music, lightly dismissed by most critics,
was far better than the stuff coming out of the Louisville Orchestra,
particularly scores by Hugo Friedhofer for Boy
on a Dolphin, The Best Years of Our
Lives, and, later, One-Eyed Jacks,
which were among some of the finest orchestral works of our time. Later, when
Hugo had become one of the dearest (and most admired) friends of my life, my
inexhaustible mentor in matters musical, I realized that composers around the
world shared my feelings for him.
The condescension
toward film music has somewhat diminished since then, and we can get a good
many scores on CDs, although not all that I would like to see issued. Works
like the scores of Alfred Newman and Alex North command some of the respect
they deserve, and I am much taken with the scores of Jerry Goldsmith and Allyn
Ferguson (about whom more in a near-future issue).
Cut to:
Why then shouldn't
some European film maker do a western, particularly a French film maker, since
French cineastes had made a mystique
out of the western, as they have out of the abominable movies of Jerry Lewis,
whom they have proclaimed a genius. But then, Keith Richard and Paul McCartney
have now been knighted, and Andrew Lloyd Weber is a lord.
Eventually,
European film-makers did essay the western. The most successful of them was an
Italian, Sergio Leone, and he didn't make his film among locations I had seen
in the south of France , but in Spain . He called it A Fistful of Dollars, made in 1964 and released in the U.S. , where it was a huge hit, in 1967. It
resuscitated the career of Clint Eastwood and indeed set him on the road to
becoming one of the biggest stars in the world.
The style of
Leone's films almost certainly was influenced by the career of his father,
Vincenzo Leone, a silent film director. Sergio Leone, as film scholar Leonard
Maltin put it, "almost single-handedly invented the spaghetti
western," a term that no longer needs explanation in America . I think Henry Mancini invented it; if he
didn't, he was the first one I ever heard use it. It also established composer
Ennio Morricone with audiences around the world, for his work, as Maltin
rightly noted, "became a kind of Leone signature." Leone then did,
and Morricone scored, For a Few Dollars
More (U.S. release 1967), The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly (1966), followed by the huge Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), one
of whose writers was Bernardo Bertolucci. Henry Fonda played his first (and as
far as I know last) role as a bad guy. Maltin, in his Movie Encyclopedia, put it succinctly: "While these films
toyed light-heartedly with genre conventions, they also embodied Leone's own
convictions, which included a distrust of the capitalist entrepreneurs who, as
he feels, exploited the pioneers, and a bleak nihilism that, although hitting a
responsive note with 1960s movie-goers, was out of touch with the general
optimism that characterized American-made westerns." He called it "a
languid, operatic masterpiece."
That is quite so.
But the American westerns were themselves out of touch with reality. Simplistic
ugh-how Indians were always the villains fighting the noble U.S. Cavalry, when
in fact the reverse was closer to the truth; Serbian "ethnic
cleansing" has nothing on what the white man did to the Indians in America .
Perhaps that is
why the Leone westerns caught on: some sense that they were closer to the truth
about the killers and trash who flowed into the American west than the Gene
Autry, Roy Roger s, John Wayne, and even earlier westerns
wove into an American delusion about the founding of the nation, particularly
its western reaches. As for Leone's view of the capitalists, one need only
consider the careers of the likes of Leland Stanford, and of the railway
tycoons who routinely hired Chinese laborers to build their iron roads and just
as routinely executed them rather than pay them. William Wellman's 1943 The Oxbow Incident was a departure from
the good-guys western. Later, so was Henry King's brilliantly written and
executed 1950 film The Gunfighter,
which closely honored the three unities — time, place, and events — of classic
Greek (and later French) drama, occurring in exactly the time it took to tell
the story. This unity is so unaffectedly achieved that you don't notice it
until you have come to know the film well; I can think of no other film, ever,
that so closely wove together its lines of suspense. Andre de Toth was largely
responsible for the script.
Whether The Oxbow Incident and The Gunfighter offered any degree of
inspiration or guidance to Leone I cannot say; but obviously he had studied the
genre, and just as obviously he must have been familiar with these films, and
possibly with Delmer Dave s' Broken Arrow , which came out in the same year as The Gunfighter, both of them tragedies.
And in Broken Arrow (which had a Hugo Friedhofer score) the
white men were the bad guys, and the Indians were sensitively portrayed — how
accurately I cannot say. (An Indian scholar, and I mean an Indian who was a
scholar of Indian history, told me a couple of years ago in Santa Fe , New Mexico , that Indians liked Kevin Costner's Dances with Wolves because, for once, at
least the costumes were correct.)
Sergio Leone
changed westerns forever, giving them an abrasive realism that precluded any
return to anything like the Ken Maynard-Tom Mix-Tim Holt-Buck Jones-Hopalong
Cassidy myth of the past, or even for that matter the better John Wayne
vehicles such as The Searchers. We
were jolted at first by the seedy-looking characters who peopled his pictures,
unshaven and strange, looking nothing like Mexicans and even less like
Americans. These weren't westerns from another country, these were westerns
from another planet, as alien as, say, a film about the Edgar Rice Burroughs
figures in the John Carter of Mars books, or his Pelucidar trilogy. And part of what made them so strange was
Leone's use of silence and sound and of the music that infused both. Again, I
think his father's experience as a silent film director may be relevant, and
this is where Morricone comes in.
Our impression of
the music in silent films, imposed on us by countless comedies, is that
produced by a little old lady in a print dress in front of the flickering
screen, playing sentimental or suspense music as needed on a tack-hammer piano
with lots of rolls in the right hand. Hugo Friedhofer made me understand that
this was anything but the case.
I have read in
treatises on film music that the composers had to fight to get music into
pictures. Not according to Hugo. I wasn't there, of course. But Hugo was. He
wrote his first music-for-film when he did the arrangements for the 1929
musical Sunny Side Up, which was one
of the early talkies. Thus he was involved in motion-picture music virtually
from the inception of sound, and I'll take his word for what happened.
In small towns,
perhaps, little old ladies tinkled the music for silent films on bad pianos,
but in larger communities, the music often came from powerful Wurlitzer organs,
and in major centers, from orchestras ranging up to full symphonic size. The
more important pictures were accompanied by orchestral scores. Hugo was playing
cello in a San Francisco pit orchestra during that period.
Sometimes the scores would arrive with parts missing, and the conductor would
assign Hugo to reconstruct them, which is how he got into what we might call
pre-talky scoring.
Now, Hugo said,
the producers of silent films wanted and expected music throughout a picture,
as in the silents. It was music wall to wall, from the start of the corridor to
its end. And the real struggle of composers in the early 1930s, Hugo told me,
was to persuade producers and studio executives to let them leave music out of scenes involving
perhaps sound effects or dialogue with which it could only clash. Scores became
more discreet as time went on, Hugo said. He himself produced some of the
masterpieces of the genre.
The dialogue in
the Sergio Leone westerns is sparse. In
For a Few Dollars More and The Good,
the Bad and the Ugly, Lee Van Cleef (whose career was also restored by
Leone, much as John Travolta's recently has been by Quentin Tarantino) and
Clint Eastwood had little to say to each other or anybody else. What talking
there is in these movies is terse and sullen. And thus there are large long
spaces of stares and leers and squints and walks and malevolent atmosphere and
portentous pauses before the guns blaze. The style calls for music as much as
the silent movies of Hugo's youth. (The coming of talkies devastated employment
among musicians who had worked in movie houses; it cost my own father his
professional career as a musician.) Even the sound of gunfire in Leone movies
was distinctive, as distinctive as that of shots in the Warner Bros, movies.
(You can spot a Warner Bros, movie of the 1930s, if you're surfing on
television, by the sounds of gunshots and the Janssen Symphony.)
After the reforms
of Hugo and composers such as Alfred Newman and Bronislau Kaper, music in films
became subtly supportive. Ideally, it was (at least in Hugo's aesthetic) not
supposed to be heard at all, only felt. That is not a view I share, and Hugo
told me that Erich Korngold (whom he idolized, personally and professionally,
and whose orchestrator he once was) looked on the Erroll Flynn swashbucklers
for which he composed music as operas without arias.
And I think that
must have been Leone's point of view. Leone went counter to that philosophy of
the unheard. He hired Ennio Morricone, and he wanted that music not only to be
heard but to intrude, to prod, to tell the story, even if necessary to
irritate.
Leone used an
amplified guitar in westerns. I found this disconcerting. I first encountered
the sound in some Henry Fonda western, and I recoiled, thinking, "Where is
the amplifier plugged in, in 1890?" or whatever year it was. And it
bothered me as much in the Leone westerns. But of course, my reaction was
ridiculous. They didn't have modern violins and French horns and valve trumpets
in the time of Richard the Lion Heart, and that didn't disconcert us in
Korngold's score for Erroll Flynn's Robin
Hood. So, gradually, I became inured to Morricone's use of electric guitar
in his extremely obtrusive scores. But I still didn't like his music. I was
pulled up a little short on this when I found that Henry Mancini did like and
respect it. To me, however, Morricone's music still had a cartoon quality. I
thought he was incapable of subtlety. He thus is one of those musicians like
Claus Ogerman whom I at first underestimated.
Then, two or three
years ago, in New York , I was attending with a friend a wine-and-cheese party
populated mostly by writers and aspiring writers somewhere in an apartment
complex near NYU. Through the talk, I became aware of some music coming from a
CD, fresh and touching. I asked the host what it was. He told me that it was
Ennio Morricone's score for Cinema
Paradiso. When it was over, I asked him to play it again. When I got home
to California , I bought it. Morricone has a distinctive
and distinguished sense of melody, and the one he invented for Cinema Paradiso is surprising, wistful,
and sinuously beautiful.
Since then I have
been paying attention to Morricone's music. I picked up an Italian import, a CD
titled Morricone 93: Il Cinema che Suona,
which contains themes from a number of his movies. Heard with unprejudiced
ears, they are quite effective. He has a taste for pulsing ostinatos, and he
likes to use twanging instruments, such as guitar and harpsichord, and what
sound to me like wooden or reed flutes and pan pipes. (Some of them sound like
Andean flutes.) You hear that sound in the 1973 Leone film starring Henry Fonda
titled My Name Is Nobody. That score has
some odd stuff in it. Leone quotes Wagner's pompous Ride of the Valkyries but on harmonica or a little button
accordion. It's buried in the score, but it's quite droll. There is another
thing about the Leone-Morricone collaboration: it often seemed to me that the
film was shot to the music. This turns out to be true.
When the intrusive
is not called for, as in pictures emphasizing dialogue, Morricone can be
subtle, discreet, almost inaudible.
I knew absolutely
nothing about the man, however, until I came across an article about him in the
French weekly news magazine L'Express.
Ennio Morricone,
born in Rome October 11, 1928 , started his musical life on trumpet, to
which he was introduced by his father, who was a jazz trumpet player. Morricone
is now seventy. He is probably the most prolific composer in film history,
having written at least 400 scores, twenty-two of them in 1972 alone, which
works out to one every sixteen days. He may not be as fast as Georges Simenon,
each of whose Maigret novels was written in exactly eleven days. But Simenon
collapsed in exhaustion after each such marathon writing session, and he didn't
turn out twenty-two novels in a single year. Surprisingly, only six of
Morricone's 400 films were with Leone.
A photo shows
Morricone as a man with a round pensive face on which sit sage horn-rimmed
glasses. His Express interviewer,
Geraldine Liperoti, described him thus: "Caught in his Roman apartment,
then in the privacy of his studio, where are mixed in joyous disorder books,
music scores, CDs, chess board, and even a seventeenth century organ . . . from
this flood of memorabilia emerges an artist who is all nuances: at once modest
and sure of his value, serene and unpredictable, shy and jocular." She commented
on the variety of his scores, his almost dizzying output. She noted that he had
almost backed into a film career.
"That's
true," he said. "When I got out of the Conservatory of Santa Cecilia,
I dreamed only of classical music. But the time after the war was a very hard
period in Italy , and I needed to feed my family. So I
started playing the trumpet evenings in clubs frequented by Americans. I went
there with no pleasure. It was with pain that I earned the money from diverting
the occupants." He emphasized the word "occupants" a little. He
meant the American military occupying forces.
"Then I wrote
some arrangements for television, theater, and cinema. I worked clandestinely,
for the prejudice against music deemed light was very strong at that time.
Little by little, my name became known, and then Sergio Leone asked me to
collaborate on For a Handful of Dollars.
"Leone, who
knew my work on two previous westerns . . . . "
Ah, there is an
insight for us on this side of the Atlantic : Leone did not make the first European westerns. "Sergio
Leone . . . came to my residence .... When I opened the door, seeing his
singular mouth ... I realized we had gone to the same primary school for boys
.... Later, we even found a class photo.
"For that
film, he told me he wanted a Mexican military song. I got out a little berceuse
that I had composed for a television broadcast seven years early but never
used. I played the trumpet, and so that's how the principal theme of For a Few Dollars More was born. I never
confessed my little ruse to Sergio until many years later. Because of this, it
became a game with him: he chose from among scores rejected by other
directors."
Liperoti said that
For a Fistful of Dollars illustrated
the perfect osmosis between images and music, the grandest success of
Morricone's collaboration with Leone.
Morricone said,
"It's a sort of poetry that comes without warning, as when two people fall
in love with each other. The magic is totally unforeseeable . . . and empiric.
As a result, Sergio always wanted me to compose the music before shooting, so
that it could be played to the actors for them to be filled with it and
understand it. That's how we did our best work, he and I."
Did they have any
thought that they were revolutionizing westerns?
"No.
Moreover, when we saw For a Fistful of
Dollars for the first time, Sergio and I, we found it awful. Sergio's
films, and my work with him, got better, right up to his masterpiece, Once Upon a Time in America. And that
wasn't a western. Of the four hundred film scores I've written, only
thirty-five have been westerns, and you've only spoken to me of the westerns.
Why?"
Liperoti said,
"Because the impact on the public was immense. And what do you think of
the expression 'spaghetti western'?"
"Ah! I detest
this expression! Intelligent people have to call them Italian westerns. This
isn't a soup we're talking about!"
Morricone
apparently developed a reputation for falling asleep during recording sessions.
The interviewer asked him about it.
"You
know," he said, "I get up at 5 a.m. every day. One night, at four in the
morning, I was asleep during a recording. Leone sent everyone home, put out the
lights, turned on the microphone, and shouted in a cavernous voice,
'Ennio-o-o-o, you have no shame, to be snoozing while everyone is working.' I
woke up thinking that it was the devil who'd spoken to me. It happened when we
argued. Leone was a very anxious person. He had a need to transfer his anguish
to others. But it never lasted more than five minutes."
Liperoti said to
Morricone that he was known for the use of unusual instruments — she used the
word 'insolite', for which I have never found a good translation; and anyway in
her article she was probably translating from Italian into French — such as
bells, the triangle, a whistle, even human and animal cries. Actually,
Morricone was not working without precedent. Henry Mancini used all sorts of
non-orchestral instruments, including boobams from the South Pacific, in his
scores. The harmonica (which Morricone used in Once Upon a Time in the West, in a two-note motif that set up a
haunting effect and told some of the story) has been common in western-movie
scores.
Morricone said,
"It was never my point to be provocative. I just thought that the sounds
of animals were pertinent in the universe of the western. During my
apprenticeship ... I always lent an ear to sounds, no matter how modest. Even
the common tap of a pencil on a table, isolated from context, can be reborn in
music. The cry of the coyote, if one listens well, is eminently musical. To
translate it into music in The Good, the
Bad, and the Ugly, I asked two singers to cry together, then I mixed their
two voices adding echo. When Leone heard the result, he went nuts with joy ....
"In Once Upon a Time in the West, the
harmonica had to resonate like a cry of pain, for it incarnated all the
humiliation of [Charles] Bronson's character. During the recording, we found
the musician played in a sort of monotone. Sergio threw himself on him and
choked him. That's why the sound is so brilliant."
As for the Ride of the Valkyries quote in My Name Is Nobody, he said, "I
always retained a nostalgia for classical music. Even if I am aware that there
is an enormous moat between the public that goes to concerts and that which
goes to the cinema, these winks are a way of bringing the two worlds together
No one knew, for example, that the principal theme of The Sicilian Clan [a 1969 French film with Jean Gabin and Alain
Delon — ed.] was an homage to Bach. I elaborated it in superposing a first melody
inspired by one of his preludes for organ and a second, which I was amused to
compose from the letters B-A-C-H, which, in German, correspond to our si, la,
do, si. It was an appreciation to a composer I love."
Morricone detests
long voyages, and for all the work he does in American films, he will not go to
the United States . He said: "If they want to work with
me, they come here. If not, I don't do the film. Warren Beatty, for example,
loves to come to Rome . I didn't even have to ask him."
Liperoti commented
that this was the privilege of celebrity, to which Morricone replied:
"Popularity
doesn't bother me. It attests to the affection and comprehension of the public.
The important thing is to retain the pioneer spirit. I profoundly love the
profession, and I work on each film as if it were the first — and the last.
Giving the best of myself. Many of the 'greats' ask their arranger to write
their scores for them. Me, I write all alone, from the first note to the last.
All."
Morricone has been
nominated four times for the Academy Award, including once in 1987 for The Mission. He lost to Herbie Hancock,
who got it for the French film Round Midnight, about a jazz musician loosely —
very loosely — based on the late life of Bud Powell, and starring Dexter Gordon
as a "great" saxophonist of supposed significant originality. Gordon
was hardly that. The film's sheer silliness need hardly be documented here. The
score was made of jazz tracks. Liperoti asked Morricone if he was bitter about
losing that year.
He said:
"Certainly I was disappointed. Especially since ... the music that won was
not a true original score: it was composed of pieces of already existing songs.
I said nothing, but everyone protested the evening of the ceremony. To win an
Oscar, it is necessary to campaign to the voters, and the production houses I
worked with neglected to do it. But okay, I didn't make a complaint. I have
received many other distinctions."
In 1986, The Mission, a film set in late
eighteenth-century Brazil, featured Jeremy Irons, Robert de Niro, Liam Neeson,
Aidan Quinn, a very good script by Robert Bolt, and an exceptional score by
Morricone. The film, which is very dark, is about the slaughter and enslavement
of the autocthonous population. Its point is that this ethnic cleansing
continues even now in the upper Amazon rain forests.
In 1989, Morricone
scored Brian de Palma's suitably outraged but cluttered Viet Nam sermon Casualties
of War. He also scored that godawful de Palma version of The Untouchables, with a David Mammet
script so bloody stupid, even more absurd than his script for The Edge, that in it the Canadian
Mounties come galloping across the border in their red uniforms (they hadn't
worn them on duty, any more than the U.S. Marines wear dress blues in combat,
in years) to aid the American cops on United States soil, where of course they
have no legal authority. The violence and camera gimmicks, including a
shoot-out sequence copped from Potemkin,
conspire to keep one watching, but the suspension of disbelief requires effort,
and the Morricone score assists you into the cocoon of credulity. Any composer who could make that turkey fly
has to be taken very seriously. [Emphasis, mine and gleefully so!]
Morricone has
continued to work, very successfully and effectively, in American films,
including last year's Bulworth.
Warren Beatty, who wrote, produced, and starred in Bulworth (an interesting picture, by the way) obviously likes
Morricone: he used him in the earlier (1991) Bugsy, about the life and death of Bugsy Siegal).
The last film on
which Morricone worked with Sergio Leone was The Nine Hundred Days of Leningrad, presumably about the German
siege of that city.
"It was the
only time he refused to talk music with me ... For him, the film was a sort of
dream which he knew he would never realize. A little earlier, he had refused a
heart transplant. The last months of his life, he was very tired and knew that
he was going to die.
"I often
called to ask him when we would go to work. But he kept putting it off. It was
only afterwards that I understood why. His nephew, Enrico, acknowledged it to
me on the day of his death.
"Sergio was a
great gentleman."
Sergio Leone died
ten years ago, on April 10, 1989 . A rare collaboration ended. When
Morricone too is gone, it will no doubt be written that he was an unusual
composer, a very fine one, and he changed film scoring.
This too should be
said: all his scores, no matter what the subject of the film, have an implicit
mournfulness. It is as if their composer never for a moment escapes a sense, no
matter how deep in his spirit it resides, of the eternal human condition.”
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